The mechanisms of strong winds associated with snow clouds, and the relationship between strong winds and blowing/drifting snow, were investigated. A snowstorm occurred with a typical L-mode snow band which was generated and organized longitudinally during a continental cold-air outbreak over the Sea of Japan. Doppler radar observations revealed that the snow band consisted of small echo cells arranged along the direction of the snow band. When one of the echo cells passed, blowing/drifting snow was generated and intensified by a snow cloud-induced gust, and the horizontal visibility near the ground surface was significantly decreased. Doppler radar and radiosonde data showed that the gust was due to the cold air outflow (CAO) from the snow clouds. The leading edge of the CAO was about 9 km ahead of the center of the snow cloud and the depth of the CAO was about 600 m near the forward flank of the snow cloud. The CAO was caused by a downdraft at the center of the snow cloud, which was initiated at a height of about 1.3 km and with a velocity in excess of 1 ms−1. The observed CAO speed was explained by the theory of the gravity current.
A 2D Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Model Study of Air–Sea Interactions during a Cold Air Outbreak over the Gulf Stream
